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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people suffering from ADHD are prescribed medication for the condition. It can help improve symptoms, but it can cause adverse negative effects. Consult your physician if you experience side effects. The most frequently prescribed medication prescribed by healthcare professionals for ADHD is stimulants. These medications increase the levels of brain chemicals referred to as neurotransmitters, that regulate attention and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a stimulant of first choice for treating ADHD in both children and adults, is the most commonly prescribed medication. It is effective by increasing the activity in brain regions that regulate attention and behavior. Methylphenidate can also be used to treat other conditions like the condition known as narcolepsy. It can help patients with narcolepsy stay awake during the day and increase their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication has the potential to be abused and is classified as a Schedule II drug by the US Drug Enforcement Agency. Taking this medication exactly as prescribed can reduce the potential for abuse and also other side effects. Methylphenidate can trigger psychotic symptoms in a few people. It can also cause worse the behavior and tics of some people with Tourette's syndrome or bipolar disorder. People suffering from these conditions should consult their doctor prior to taking this medication. It's important to tell your doctor if you suffer from any other health issues or are allergic to any foods or dyes (such as tartrazine, which is a yellow dye that is found in processed foods as well as some medicines; if you're taking Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate is a drug that can interact with other drugs, including opioid medicines, antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as isocarboxazid (Marplan), linezolid (Zyvox) Methylene blue, Phenelzine (Nardil) and rasagiline (Azilect) selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar), or tranylcypromine (Parnate). Avoid alcohol and other stimulant substances while taking methylphenidate. These drugs may have a negative impact on your heart rate and blood pressure. The immediate-release methylphenidate tablets (Ritalin) and chewable tablets with long-acting properties and the long-acting oral disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain phenylalanine. It can be dangerous if you have a genetic disorder known as Phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion, an antidepressant drug, works in the brain and improves mood. It also helps reduce symptoms of ADHD. It is also used for depression and seasonal depression (SAD) which is a condition that occurs during the fall-winter months. It is also used to help people quit smoking by reducing the craving for nicotine and withdrawal effects. A number of studies conducted on adults have revealed that bupropion can improve ADHD symptoms when compared to placebo. The fixed-effect RR pooled for week-6 improvement (using a clinically significant change of 30% or more on the CGI scale) is 1.14 (95 percent 95% confidence interval 0.95 to 1.37) and, for overall response, the proportion of better subjects was 52 percent in the bupropion treatment group, compared to 37% in the placebo group. Bupropion can cause dangerous and even life-threatening interactions if taken in conjunction together with other drugs. These include antidepressants and sedatives as well as some blood pressure medications. It may also increase the risk of seizure for those with an history of seizures or high blood pressure. It is not recommended for certain medical conditions, and women who are pregnant or nursing should not take it. Bupropion is available as the brand name medications Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available as generic drug. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants (abbreviated TCAs) are a group of medications that affect the brain's chemical. They were among the first antidepressants to be developed, and although they are no longer a first-line treatment for depression they can still be effective for some patients suffering from other conditions. They work by blocking the reuptakes of dopamine and serotonin, thereby increasing their availability within neurons. They are also helpful in relieving a number of other conditions, including enuresis and pain syndromes, like fibromyalgia or phantom limb syndrome. TCAs are effective in treating ADHD symptoms, regardless of whether they are prescribed on their own or with stimulants. They can help improve the core ADHD symptoms and decrease anxiety, depression, and impulsivity. In addition, they could aid in managing the tics, which are repetitive and uncontrollable sounds or movements like clearing the throat or blinking. TCAs may cause adverse reactions, including sedation and dry mouth, and increase the risk of developing cardiovascular problems. add medication adult iampsychiatry.uk can interact with other medications, including anticholinergics and should be avoided in pregnant women. These drugs are also known to cause teratogenic effects on animals and can cross the placenta. If you are concerned consult your physician for advice, as there are more modern antidepressants that have a less harmful side-effects profile. Selective serotonin inhibition of reuptake (SSRIs). The SSRIs are a class of medications that inhibit serotonin reuptake in neurons and increase the amount of serotonin available for signaling. They also reduce anxiety and the tendency to be impulsive. They are used as adhd medications because they reduce symptoms in certain people and may be beneficial in conjunction with other medication. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline-paroxetine and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics and have a low clearance from the human body. However, they are extensively metabolized by CYP450 enzymes in the liver. This leads to varying blood levels. These medications are also prescribed to treat various disorders, such as major depressive disorder, bulimia-nervosa, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The SSRIs fluoxetine, escitalopram and sertraline can help reduce PTSD primary symptoms. They aren't effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. SSRIs may cause a very rare side effect called sexual dysfunction. It is essential to discuss this with your physician if you are thinking about taking one of these drugs. It is common for people to have to try several different types of ADHD medication before they can find the one that is most effective for them. The medications are constantly being developed and studied. It is also crucial to report all the medications you take to your healthcare provider. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) If stimulant drugs aren't effective for adults with ADHD Doctors often prescribe an antidepressant, also known as a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). These drugs increase the levels of two brain chemicals called serotonin and norepinephrine. They also help improve mood and decrease depression and anxiety. SNRIs can cause similar side effects to TCAs however they are less harmful. They are used to treat numerous conditions, including anxiety disorders and chronic pain, such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. Sometimes they are used to treat depression as well. The SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta), and venlafaxine, (Effexor). These drugs block the reabsorption process of norepinephrine within the brain which is a normal procedure following neurotransmission. This results in a higher than normal release of norepinephrine in a phasic manner. The increased norepinephrine levels help improve concentration and mood. SNRIs have not been approved by the FDA for treating ADHD, but some doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. They are most often taken orally as pills but they can also be used as patches or liquids. The FDA approved a SNRI for oral use, called viloxazine or Qelbree for treating ADHD among adolescents and children in April 2021. It is not a potential for abuse and therefore is not classified as a controlled substance. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that alter the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine within the brain. They are used to treat depression and anxiety disorders, but can also aid in controlling symptoms of ADHD. SNRI drugs like duloxetine or venlafaxine have been demonstrated in several studies to significantly reduce scores on a variety of ADHD questionnaires. However, SNRIs can increase a person's blood pressure and could interact with certain medications. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a physician prior to taking these medications. In addition, improperly disposed medication can harm both people and animals. Therefore, it is essential to follow the correct disposal guidelines. SSRIs or SNRIs haven't been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD, but doctors may prescribe them off-label. They are safe, effective and have less side effects than stimulants. Consult your doctor and discuss the symptoms of your child. SNRIs may not be suitable for all people. Women who are pregnant or nursing should avoid taking SNRIs as they may be absorbed through breast milk. Patients with liver or blood pressure issues should not take these medications, either, since they could increase the risk of cardiovascular complications. Selective dopamine Reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people suffering from ADHD find that medication helps increase their focus and concentration. They may also experience reduced impulsive behaviors. The medication is usually used with behavioral therapy and training to help people understand how to manage their symptoms. It takes time to find the right medication and dose for each individual. In this period doctors will be monitoring the physical reactions of patients to find a balance between side effects and benefits. Drugs that stimulate the brain, like methylphenidate, boost the activity of a specific brain chemicals that control memory and concentration. While they are generally safe and effective for the majority of people, they can trigger serious side effects like reduced appetite and trouble sleeping. These side effects typically disappear after several weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Non-stimulant medications are also available for children as well as adults. They take longer to begin working, but they can increase concentration and control of impulses. They may include alpha-2 adrenergic receptors (atomoxetine, viloxazine) and Guanfacine hydrochloride. Antidepressants are also able to help treat ADHD. They can boost norepinephrine levels, a neurotransmitter in the brain that aids in the impulsive behavior and depression. Bupropion is a prime example of an antidepressant that has been employed to treat ADHD. It was originally prescribed “off-label” for ADHD, but drugmakers eventually developed extended-release versions and the FDA approved it as a treatment for this condition.